Guides
Educational walkthroughs for computational biology workflows.
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- 15 most expensive drugs in the world/guides/most-expensive-drugs
- 58 E. coli statistics [2026]/guides/e-coli-statistics
A
- AI drug discovery statistics [2026]/guides/ai-drug-discovery-statistics
- AlphaFold database statistics [2026]/guides/alphafold-statistics
- AlphaFold license and commercial use/guides/alphafold-license-commercial-use
- Antibody variable regions: VH, VL, CDRs and frameworks/guides/antibody-variable-regions
C
- ChemDraw on Mac, Linux and Chromebook: your options/guides/chemdraw-for-mac
- ChemDraw price and licenses explained/guides/chemdraw-price
- Chemical file formats compared: MOL, SDF, MOL2, CDX, SMILES and InChI/guides/chemical-file-formats
- ChemSketch Freeware is gone: what to use instead/guides/chemsketch-alternatives
- Codon optimization: what it changes and when it helps/guides/codon-optimization
D
- Disulfide bonds in proteins: how they form and what they do/guides/disulfide-bonds
- DockQ score explained/guides/dockq
- Drug discovery statistics [2026]/guides/drug-discovery-statistics
- Drug discovery trends in 2026/guides/drug-discovery-trends
F
- Fab and Fc regions of an antibody: structure and function/guides/fab-and-fc-regions-of-an-antibody
- From a drawn molecule to a docking result/guides/drawing-to-docking
G
- GNINA CNN score vs CNN affinity: what each number means/guides/gnina-cnn-score
- Guides/guides
H
- How accurate is DNA sequencing?/guides/dna-sequencing-accuracy
- How big is the human genome?/guides/human-genome-size
- How big is the human proteome?/guides/human-proteome-size
- How long do clinical trials take?/guides/how-long-do-clinical-trials-take
- How long do proteins last in the body?/guides/how-long-do-proteins-last-in-the-body
- How long does a drug patent last?/guides/how-long-does-a-drug-patent-last
- How long does a western blot take?/guides/how-long-does-a-western-blot-take
- How long does DNA last?/guides/how-long-does-dna-last
- How long does DNA replication take?/guides/how-long-does-dna-replication-take
- How long does it take to develop a vaccine?/guides/how-long-does-it-take-to-develop-a-vaccine
- How long does it take to sequence a human genome?/guides/human-genome-sequencing-time
- How long does mRNA last in a cell?/guides/how-long-does-mrna-last-in-a-cell
- How long does PCR take?/guides/how-long-does-pcr-take
- How long is human DNA?/guides/how-long-is-dna
- How many amino acids are in a complete protein?/guides/how-many-amino-acids-are-in-a-complete-protein
- How many amino acids are in hemoglobin?/guides/how-many-amino-acids-are-in-hemoglobin
- How many amino acids are in insulin?/guides/how-many-amino-acids-are-in-insulin
- How many amino acids are there?/guides/how-many-amino-acids-are-there
- How many antibiotics are there?/guides/how-many-antibiotics-are-there
- How many antibody-drug conjugates are FDA approved?/guides/fda-approved-adcs
- How many atoms are in the human body?/guides/how-many-atoms-in-human-body
- How many ATP are produced in cellular respiration?/guides/how-many-atp-are-produced-in-cellular-respiration
- How many ATP are produced in fermentation?/guides/how-many-atp-are-produced-in-fermentation
- How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?/guides/how-many-atp-are-produced-in-glycolysis
- How many ATP are produced in oxidative phosphorylation?/guides/how-many-atp-are-produced-in-oxidative-phosphorylation
- How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?/guides/how-many-atp-are-produced-in-the-krebs-cycle
- How many ATP does beta oxidation produce?/guides/how-many-atp-does-beta-oxidation-produce
- How many bacteria are in the human body?/guides/how-many-bacteria-are-in-the-human-body
- How many bispecific antibodies are approved?/guides/approved-bispecific-antibodies
- How many cell types are in the human body?/guides/how-many-cell-types-are-in-the-human-body
- How many cells are in the human body?/guides/how-many-cells-are-in-the-human-body
- How many chromosomes do different species have?/guides/chromosome-counts-by-species
- How many chromosomes do humans have?/guides/how-many-chromosomes-do-humans-have
- How many codons are there?/guides/how-many-codons-are-there
- How many covalent drugs are approved?/guides/approved-covalent-drugs
- How many CpG sites are in the human genome?/guides/how-many-cpg-sites-in-human-genome
- How many diseases are there? Counts, types, and stages/guides/how-many-diseases-are-there
- How many drug targets are there?/guides/drug-targets
- How many druggable genes are there?/guides/druggable-genome
- How many enzymes are in the human body?/guides/how-many-enzymes-are-in-the-human-body
- How many FDA-approved drugs are there?/guides/how-many-fda-approved-drugs
- How many genes are in a chromosome?/guides/how-many-genes-are-in-a-chromosome
- How many genes are in mitochondrial DNA?/guides/how-many-genes-in-mitochondrial-dna
- How many genes do humans have?/guides/how-many-genes-do-humans-have
- How many genomes have been sequenced?/guides/genbank-statistics
- How many hemoglobin molecules are in a red blood cell?/guides/how-many-hemoglobin-molecules-in-a-red-blood-cell
- How many medicines are there in the world?/guides/how-many-medicines-are-there-in-the-world
- How many mitochondria are in a cell?/guides/how-many-mitochondria-are-in-a-cell
- How many monoclonal antibodies are FDA approved?/guides/how-many-monoclonal-antibodies-are-fda-approved
- How many NADH are produced in glycolysis?/guides/how-many-nadh-are-produced-in-glycolysis
- How many neurons are in the human brain?/guides/how-many-neurons-are-in-the-human-brain
- How many nucleosomes are in a human cell?/guides/how-many-nucleosomes-are-in-a-human-cell
- How many oligonucleotide drugs are approved?/guides/approved-oligonucleotide-drugs
- How many peptide bonds are in a peptide?/guides/how-many-peptide-bonds-in-a-peptide
- How many peptide drugs are FDA approved?/guides/fda-approved-peptide-drugs
- How many platelets are in the human body?/guides/how-many-platelets-are-in-the-human-body
- How many protein interactions are in the human interactome?/guides/human-interactome-statistics
- How many proteins are there?/guides/number-of-proteins
- How many radiopharmaceutical therapies are approved?/guides/approved-radiopharmaceutical-therapies
- How many red blood cells are in the human body?/guides/how-many-red-blood-cells-are-in-the-human-body
- How many ribosomes are in a cell?/guides/how-many-ribosomes-are-in-a-cell
- How many RNA polymerases do eukaryotes have?/guides/how-many-rna-polymerases-do-eukaryotes-have
- How many SNPs are in the human genome?/guides/how-many-snps-are-in-the-human-genome
- How many transcripts are in the human transcriptome?/guides/human-transcriptome-size
- How many types of antibodies are there?/guides/how-many-types-of-antibodies-are-there
- How many types of proteins are in the human body?/guides/types-of-proteins-in-human-body
- How many types of RNA are there?/guides/how-many-types-of-rna-are-there
- How many viruses infect humans?/guides/how-many-viruses-infect-humans
- How many white blood cells are in the human body?/guides/how-many-white-blood-cells-are-in-the-human-body
- How much DNA do cousins share?/guides/how-much-dna-do-cousins-share
- How much DNA do humans share with bananas?/guides/human-banana-dna-similarity
- How much DNA do humans share with chimpanzees?/guides/human-chimp-dna-similarity
- How much DNA do humans share with other animals?/guides/human-animal-dna-similarity
- How much DNA do humans share with pigs?/guides/human-pig-dna-similarity
- How much DNA do siblings share?/guides/how-much-dna-do-siblings-share
- How much DNA is needed for sequencing?/guides/how-much-dna-is-needed-for-sequencing
- How much do monoclonal antibodies cost?/guides/monoclonal-antibody-cost
- How much does drug development cost?/guides/drug-development-cost
- How much does it cost to sequence a genome?/guides/genome-sequencing-cost
- How much does peptide synthesis cost?/guides/peptide-synthesis-cost
- How much is the pharmaceutical industry worth?/guides/how-much-is-the-pharmaceutical-industry-worth
- How much of the human genome is junk DNA?/guides/human-genome-junk-dna
- How to draw chemical structures online for free/guides/draw-chemical-structures-online
- How to draw stereochemistry: wedges, dashes and R/S labels/guides/stereochemistry-wedges-dashes
- How to make a FASTA file/guides/how-to-make-a-fasta-file
- How to make publication-quality chemical structure images/guides/publication-quality-chemical-structures
- How to open a CDX or CDXML file without ChemDraw/guides/open-cdx-cdxml-without-chemdraw
- How to open a PDB file/guides/open-pdb-file
- How to predict pKa online for free/guides/predict-pka-online
- How to read a Ramachandran plot/guides/ramachandran-plot
- How to tell if a predicted protein structure is reliable/guides/structure-prediction-confidence
- Human vs humanized vs chimeric antibodies: the origin of every FDA-approved antibody/guides/humanized-vs-fully-human-antibodies
I
- IC50 vs Ki vs Kd: what each measures and how to convert them/guides/ic50-vs-ki
- InChI, InChIKey, SMILES and CAS numbers: what each identifier is for/guides/inchi-inchikey-smiles-cas
- Insulin prices and price history in the United States/guides/insulin-price-history
- Introns vs exons: what is the difference?/guides/introns-vs-exons
- ipSAE explained/guides/ipsae
- ipTM vs pTM: judging predicted complexes/guides/iptm-vs-ptm
- Isoelectric point of a protein: what pI means and how it is calculated/guides/protein-isoelectric-point
K
- Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy scale and how to read a hydropathy plot/guides/kyte-doolittle-hydropathy
L
- Lipinski's rule of five/guides/lipinski-rule-of-five
M
- mBER and ColabDesign metrics explained/guides/mber-metrics
- MM/PBSA vs MM/GBSA: how end-point binding free energies work/guides/mm-pbsa-vs-mm-gbsa
- Molecular weight vs exact mass, and how to calculate HRMS ions/guides/molecular-weight-exact-mass
O
- Oligo analyzer comparison/guides/oligo-analyzer-comparison
- Ozempic: What it is & latest statistics/guides/ozempic-statistics
P
- PAINS filters and pan-assay interference compounds/guides/pains-filters
- Phylogenetic tree: what it shows and how to read one/guides/phylogenetic-tree
- Post-translational modifications: types, examples and what they do/guides/post-translational-modifications
- Primer dimers: how they form, how to predict them and how to stop them/guides/primer-dimers
- PROTACs and molecular glue degraders in clinical trials/guides/protein-degraders-clinical-trials
- Protein aggregation: causes, prediction and prevention/guides/protein-aggregation
- Protein Data Bank statistics 2026: size and coverage/guides/rcsb-statistics
- Protein extinction coefficient and A280 concentration/guides/protein-extinction-coefficient
- Proteome sizes by species: protein counts compared/guides/proteome-sizes-by-species
R
- RNA secondary structure: dot-bracket notation and MFE explained/guides/rna-secondary-structure
S
- SDF file format: how SDF and MOL files work/guides/sdf-file
- Semaglutide vs tirzepatide/guides/semaglutide-vs-tirzepatide
- SignalP 6.0: official server, tutorial, and result interpretation/guides/what-is-signalp-6
- SMILES notation: how to read and write SMILES strings/guides/smiles-notation
T
- The best free ChemDraw alternatives in 2026/guides/chemdraw-alternatives
- The best free molecular docking software in 2026/guides/molecular-docking-software
- The best free molecular dynamics software in 2026/guides/molecular-dynamics-software
- The best phylogenetic tree software in 2026/guides/phylogenetic-tree-software
- The best protein structure prediction software in 2026/guides/protein-structure-prediction-software
- TM-score vs RMSD/guides/tm-score-vs-rmsd
W
- What are antibodies?/guides/what-are-antibodies
- What are monoclonal antibodies?/guides/what-are-monoclonal-antibodies
- What are the largest and smallest cells in the human body?/guides/largest-and-smallest-cells
- What are the largest and smallest human genes?/guides/largest-and-smallest-human-genes
- What are the most acidic and basic amino acids?/guides/most-acidic-and-basic-amino-acids
- What clashscore means and what counts as good/guides/clashscore
- What is a CIF file? Small-molecule CIF and mmCIF explained/guides/cif-file
- What is a protein language model, and what is it used for/guides/protein-language-models
- What is a Vina score, and what counts as good/guides/vina-score
- What is antibody engineering?/guides/what-is-antibody-engineering
- What is Chai-2? De novo antibody design explained/guides/what-is-chai-2
- What is PAE, and how to read a PAE plot/guides/pae
- What is pentobarbital?/guides/pentobarbital
- What is pLDDT, and what counts as a good score/guides/plddt
- What is protein denaturation?/guides/protein-denaturation
- What is RMSD, and what counts as a good value/guides/rmsd
- What is semaglutide?/guides/semaglutide
- What is the average size of a protein?/guides/average-protein-size
- What is the fastest enzyme?/guides/fastest-enzyme
- What is the largest protein?/guides/largest-protein
- What is the molecular weight of an antibody?/guides/antibody-molecular-weight
- What is the most abundant protein in the human body?/guides/most-abundant-protein-in-human-body
- What is the most abundant protein on Earth?/guides/most-abundant-protein-on-earth
- What is the most expensive element?/guides/most-expensive-elements
- What is the smallest protein?/guides/smallest-protein
- What percentage of clinical trials fail?/guides/clinical-trial-failure-rate
- What percentage of the human genome is viral DNA?/guides/human-genome-viral-dna
- What the MolProbity score and clashscore mean/guides/molprobity-score
- What's the most common amino acid?/guides/most-common-amino-acid
- Which organisms have the largest and smallest genomes?/guides/largest-and-smallest-genomes