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Guides
Genetics ·
How many chromosomes do different species have?
Compare chromosome counts across species, explore our analysis of 465 mammals, and check the evidence behind chromosome-number records and life-cycle exceptions.
Drugs ·
What percentage of clinical trials fail?
Historical estimates imply 86% to 93% attrition before approval. Our analysis of 33,667 registered trials separately measures early termination and reported stopping reasons.
Genetics ·
How long is DNA?
Human DNA is about 2 meters long per cell and 2 nanometers wide. See the calculations, chromosome lengths, and why whole-body estimates differ.
Proteins ·
How many amino acids are there?
Proteins use 20 standard amino acids. Humans also encode selenocysteine, bringing the human count to 21, while pyrrolysine brings the known total across life to 22.
Genetics ·
How many genes do humans have?
Humans have 19,442 protein-coding genes in GENCODE Release 50. The broader human reference annotation contains 78,733 gene entries when non-coding genes, pseudogenes, and other categories are included.
Genetics ·
How many genes are in mitochondrial DNA?
Human mitochondrial DNA has 37 canonical genes. Compare the standard count with evidence for additional small proteins and mtDNA copy numbers across tissues.
Structures ·
How to use Boltz-2 online
Learn how to use Boltz-2 online: assemble protein, ligand, DNA, and RNA chains, choose MSA depth and sampling settings, then interpret structure, confidence, and affinity outputs.
Genetics ·
How much DNA do humans share with other animals?
Human and chimpanzee DNA is about 98.8% identical across directly aligned bases. See how animal comparisons change when studies count DNA letters, proteins, or shared genes.
Genetics ·
How much DNA do humans share with bananas?
Our analysis of OMA’s May 2026 data found banana counterparts for 18.0% of human protein-coding genes. See the counts, methods, and limits of the comparison.
Genetics ·
How big is the human genome?
Compare human genome size in base pairs, nucleotides, picograms, and gigabytes, with reference assembly totals and verified download sizes.
Proteins ·
What is the largest protein?
Compare PKZILLA-1, titin, dystrophin, and von Willebrand factor, with exact sequence lengths and an explanation of single chains versus protein assemblies.
Proteins ·
How many proteins are there?
Humans have about 20,000 protein-coding genes. Compare annotated sequences, protein forms, molecules per cell, and 150 million UniProtKB records.
Proteins ·
What is the smallest protein?
Chignolin and CLN025 have just 10 amino acids. Compare these designed folds with human RPL41 and MOTS-c, and learn why there is no single smallest protein.
Drugs ·
How many diseases are there? Counts, types, and stages
Compare rare, neurodegenerative, heart, and liver disease counts, and distinguish fatty-liver grades from fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, and liver cancer stages.
Antibodies ·
How to use BioPhi online
Learn how to run BioPhi online, choose between Sapiens and OASis modes, prepare VH and VL inputs, interpret humanness scores and mutations, troubleshoot warnings, and validate humanized antibodies.
Design ·
How to use BoltzGen online
Learn how to run BoltzGen online, choose a binder protocol and target site, configure a design campaign, interpret ranked structures and metrics, and plan experimental validation.
Antibodies ·
How to use AntiFold online
Learn how to use AntiFold online, prepare an IMGT-numbered antibody structure, choose chains and design regions, sample sequences, interpret likelihood scores, and validate candidates.
Antibodies ·
How to use CoSiNE online
Learn how to run CoSiNE online for paired-antibody variant effect prediction, prepare a DMS CSV, choose heavy, light, or combined scoring, apply neutral SHM correction, interpret result files, and validate candidate rankings.
Antibodies ·
How to use DeepViscosity online
Learn how to run DeepViscosity online from paired antibody Fv sequences, prepare the required CSV, interpret Prob_Mean, Prob_Std, classes, and DeepSP descriptors, and plan experimental validation.
Structures ·
How to use DR-BERT online
Learn how to run DR-BERT online, prepare protein sequences, interpret per-residue disorder scores, handle long proteins, and validate predicted intrinsically disordered regions.
Antibodies ·
Antibody variable regions: VH, VL, CDRs and frameworks
Learn how VH and VL form the antibody variable region, how CDRs and frameworks divide each domain, how variable regions are generated, and what sequence analysis can establish.
Antibodies ·
Fab and Fc regions of an antibody: structure and function
Learn where the Fab and Fc regions are, which domains they contain, what they bind, how papain and pepsin create antibody fragments, and why the distinction matters in antibody engineering.
Antibodies ·
How many types of antibodies are there?
The human body has five antibody classes. Compare the structures, locations, functions, and subclasses of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
Antibodies ·
How to use DiffAb online
Learn how to run DiffAb online, prepare an antibody or antibody–antigen PDB, choose among five CDR design modes, interpret native output files, and validate unranked candidates.