Antibody guides
Guides on antibody structure, engineering, humanization, and design tools.
Antibodies ·
How much do monoclonal antibodies cost?
Monoclonal antibody treatment averaged about $96,700 a year at US list price, from under $600 per preventive dose to over $12,500 per cancer dose. See how Medicare rates compare with manufacturing costs.
Antibodies ·
What is antibody engineering?
Antibody engineering changes an antibody's sequence or structure to improve binding, reduce immunogenicity, tune effector function or create new formats. Learn the core techniques and computational workflows.
Antibodies ·
What is Chai-2? De novo antibody design explained
Understand what Chai-2 designs, what its experimental hit rates mean, how access works, and which open tools address related antibody and protein binder tasks.
Antibodies ·
How to use BioPhi online
Learn how to run BioPhi online, choose between Sapiens and OASis modes, prepare VH and VL inputs, interpret humanness scores and mutations, troubleshoot warnings, and validate humanized antibodies.
Design ·
How to use BoltzGen online
Learn how to run BoltzGen online, choose a binder protocol and target site, configure a design campaign, interpret ranked structures and metrics, and plan experimental validation.
Antibodies ·
How to use AntiFold online
Learn how to use AntiFold online, prepare an IMGT-numbered antibody structure, choose chains and design regions, sample sequences, interpret likelihood scores, and validate candidates.
Antibodies ·
How to use CoSiNE online
Learn how to run CoSiNE online to predict variant effects for paired antibodies. Prepare a DMS CSV, choose heavy, light or combined scoring, and interpret the results.
Antibodies ·
How to use DeepViscosity online
Learn how to run DeepViscosity online from paired antibody Fv sequences, prepare the required CSV, interpret Prob_Mean, Prob_Std, classes, and DeepSP descriptors, and plan experimental validation.
Antibodies ·
Antibody variable regions: VH, VL, CDRs and frameworks
Learn how VH and VL form the antibody variable region, how CDRs and frameworks divide each domain, how variable regions are generated, and what sequence analysis can establish.
Antibodies ·
Fab and Fc regions of an antibody: structure and function
Learn where the Fab and Fc regions are, which domains they contain, what they bind, how papain and pepsin create antibody fragments, and why the distinction matters in antibody engineering.
Antibodies ·
How many types of antibodies are there?
The human body has five antibody classes. Compare the structures, locations, functions, and subclasses of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
Antibodies ·
How to use DiffAb online
Learn how to run DiffAb online, prepare an antibody or antibody–antigen PDB, choose among five CDR design modes, interpret native output files, and validate unranked candidates.
Antibodies ·
How to use TAP2 online
Learn how to run TAP2 online with antibody VH and VL sequences, and how to interpret PSH, PPC, PNC, SFvCSP and CDR-length flags. See how ProteinIQ reconstructed and validated the method.
Antibodies ·
What are antibodies?
Learn what antibodies are, how they differ from antigens, how their structure enables binding, how B cells produce them, and how scientists analyze them.
Antibodies ·
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Learn what monoclonal antibodies are, how they differ from polyclonal antibodies, how hybridoma and recombinant production work, and how antibody specificity is validated.
Antibodies ·
What is the molecular weight of an antibody?
A typical IgG antibody weighs about 150 kDa. Compare the molecular weights of IgG, IgM, IgA, Fab, Fc, and other antibody forms.
Proteins ·
How long does a western blot take?
A western blot can be completed in one working day, but many laboratory protocols run across two days because the primary antibody incubates overnight at 4°C.
Antibodies ·
How many monoclonal antibodies are FDA approved?
The FDA had approved 169 antibody-based biologics by the end of 2025. The total includes 113 IgG-based antibodies, 15 bispecifics, 14 antibody-drug conjugates, and other antibody formats.