Antibody guides
Guides on antibody structure, engineering, humanization, and design tools.
Antibodies ·
How much do monoclonal antibodies cost?
Monoclonal antibody treatment averaged about $96,700 a year at US list price, from under $600 per preventive dose to over $12,500 per cancer dose. See how Medicare rates compare with manufacturing costs.
Antibodies ·
What is antibody engineering?
Antibody engineering changes an antibody's sequence or structure to improve binding, reduce immunogenicity, tune effector function or create new formats. Learn the core techniques and computational workflows.
Antibodies ·
What is Chai-2? De novo antibody design explained
Understand what Chai-2 designs, what its experimental hit rates mean, how access works, and which open tools address related antibody and protein binder tasks.
Antibodies ·
Antibody variable regions: VH, VL, CDRs and frameworks
Learn how VH and VL form the antibody variable region, how CDRs and frameworks divide each domain, how variable regions are generated, and what sequence analysis can establish.
Antibodies ·
Fab and Fc regions of an antibody: structure and function
Learn where the Fab and Fc regions are, which domains they contain, what they bind, how papain and pepsin create antibody fragments, and why the distinction matters in antibody engineering.
Antibodies ·
How many types of antibodies are there?
The human body has five antibody classes. Compare the structures, locations, functions, and subclasses of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
Antibodies ·
What are antibodies?
Learn what antibodies are, how they differ from antigens, how their structure enables binding, how B cells produce them, and how scientists analyze them.
Antibodies ·
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Learn what monoclonal antibodies are, how they differ from polyclonal antibodies, how hybridoma and recombinant production work, and how antibody specificity is validated.
Antibodies ·
What is the molecular weight of an antibody?
A typical IgG antibody weighs about 150 kDa. Compare the molecular weights of IgG, IgM, IgA, Fab, Fc, and other antibody forms.
Proteins ·
How long does a western blot take?
A western blot can be completed in one working day, but many laboratory protocols run across two days because the primary antibody incubates overnight at 4°C.
Antibodies ·
How many monoclonal antibodies are FDA approved?
The FDA had approved 169 antibody-based biologics by the end of 2025. The total includes 113 IgG-based antibodies, 15 bispecifics, 14 antibody-drug conjugates, and other antibody formats.