Guides & research, page 7

In-depth guides on protein analysis, molecular docking, drug discovery, and bioinformatics tools.

Antibodies · 7 min
What is Chai-2? De novo antibody design explained
Understand what Chai-2 designs, what its experimental hit rates mean, how access works, and which open tools address related antibody and protein binder tasks.
Proteins · 17 min
SignalP 6.0: official server, tutorial, and result interpretation
SignalP 6.0 predicts N-terminal signal peptides, their class, biochemical regions, and cleavage sites using a protein language model and conditional random field.
Cells · 7 min
How many red blood cells are in the human body?
An average adult man has about 25 trillion red blood cells, and a reference woman about 20 trillion. See how many are in a drop of blood and how many are made each second.
Drugs · 13 min
Ozempic: What it is & latest statistics
Ozempic and GLP-1 statistics on use, weight loss, health outcomes, safety, sales and prices, with original sources and clearly defined comparisons.
Drugs · 12 min
Semaglutide vs tirzepatide
Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy) vs tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound): head-to-head weight loss and diabetes results, side effects and U.S. prices, with sources.
Drugs · 13 min
What is semaglutide?
Semaglutide’s amino-acid sequence, molecular weight, GLP-1 mechanism and oral delivery, with our molecular calculations and audit of two PDB structures.
Drugs · 10 min
What percentage of clinical trials fail?
Historical estimates imply 86% to 93% attrition before approval. Our analysis of 33,667 registered trials separately measures early termination and reported stopping reasons.
Genetics · 9 min
How many genes are in mitochondrial DNA?
Human mitochondrial DNA has 37 canonical genes. Compare the standard count with evidence for additional small proteins and mtDNA copy numbers across tissues.
Drugs · 10 min
How many diseases are there? Counts, types, and stages
Compare rare, neurodegenerative, heart, and liver disease counts, and distinguish fatty-liver grades from fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, and liver cancer stages.
Antibodies · 6 min
How many types of antibodies are there?
The human body has five antibody classes. Compare the structures, locations, functions, and subclasses of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
Antibodies · 6 min
What are antibodies?
Learn what antibodies are, how they differ from antigens, how their structure enables binding, how B cells produce them, and how scientists analyze them.
Antibodies · 7 min
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Learn what monoclonal antibodies are, how they differ from polyclonal antibodies, how hybridoma and recombinant production work, and how antibody specificity is validated.
Proteins · 6 min
What is the average size of a protein?
A typical protein is about 300–400 amino acids, 30–50 kDa, and 3–6 nanometers across when folded. See current proteome data and common examples.
Genetics · 5 min
How accurate is DNA sequencing?
DNA sequencing accuracy ranges from about 99% per raw base to above 99.9% for high-quality or consensus reads. The exact figure depends on the platform, chemistry, software, sample, and metric.
Genetics · 4 min
How many genomes have been sequenced?
NCBI indexes 3.67 million current public genome assemblies. See bacterial, plant, human, species, and GenBank sequence counts for 2026.
Genetics · 5 min
How many types of RNA are there?
There are three major RNA types: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. rRNA is the most abundant by mass, tRNA is the smallest of the three, and mRNA can be the longest.
Genetics · 4 min
How many transcripts are in the human transcriptome?
The current human reference annotation contains 644,292 transcript models, 278,455 of them protein-coding. Database records, expressed isoforms and RNA molecules are different counts.
Genetics · 4 min
What are the largest and smallest human genes?
RBFOX1 is the largest human protein-coding gene by GENCODE v50 genomic span. MLDHR is the shortest under an HGNC-approved protein-coding filter, at 96 base pairs.
Proteins · 5 min
How long do proteins last in the body?
Protein half-lives range from minutes to a lifetime. See measured medians, tissue differences, and why cycloheximide chase and isotope-labeling studies give different results.
Proteins · 6 min
How many protein interactions are in the human interactome?
The human binary interactome probably contains hundreds of thousands to a few million protein-protein interactions. This guide separates estimates from experimental maps, curated evidence and predicted edges.
Proteins · 5 min
What is the most abundant protein in the human body?
Collagen is considered the most abundant protein in the human body by total mass, but actin, hemoglobin, and albumin lead under other definitions of abundance.
Proteins · 6 min
What's the most common amino acid?
Leucine is the most abundant standard amino acid in reviewed Swiss-Prot protein sequences at 9.65%. The answer differs for collagen, individual proteomes, diets, and free amino acids.
Proteins · 5 min
Proteome sizes by species: protein counts compared
Compare protein-coding genes, UniProtKB entries, and separate isoforms across 12 reference proteomes, with scope-aware examples of large and small proteomes.
Structures · 5 min
Protein Data Bank statistics 2026: size and coverage
Current Protein Data Bank statistics for archive size, protein sequence coverage, experimental methods, growth, usage, computed models, and structure data formats.

What is Chai-2? De novo antibody design explained

SignalP 6.0: official server, tutorial, and result interpretation

How many red blood cells are in the human body?

Ozempic: What it is & latest statistics

Semaglutide vs tirzepatide

What is semaglutide?

What percentage of clinical trials fail?

How many genes are in mitochondrial DNA?

How many diseases are there? Counts, types, and stages

How many types of antibodies are there?

What are antibodies?

What are monoclonal antibodies?

What is the average size of a protein?

How accurate is DNA sequencing?

How many genomes have been sequenced?

How many types of RNA are there?

How many transcripts are in the human transcriptome?

What are the largest and smallest human genes?

How long do proteins last in the body?

How many protein interactions are in the human interactome?

What is the most abundant protein in the human body?

What's the most common amino acid?

Proteome sizes by species: protein counts compared

Protein Data Bank statistics 2026: size and coverage