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Guides
Antibodies ·
How to use TAP2 online
Learn how to run TAP2 online, prepare antibody VH and VL sequences, interpret PSH, PPC, PNC, SFvCSP, and CDR-length flags, and understand how ProteinIQ independently reconstructed and validated the published method.
Antibodies ·
What are antibodies?
Learn what antibodies are, how they differ from antigens, how their structure enables binding, how B cells produce them, and how scientists analyze them.
Antibodies ·
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Learn what monoclonal antibodies are, how they differ from polyclonal antibodies, how hybridoma and recombinant production work, and how antibody specificity is validated.
Antibodies ·
What is antibody engineering? Techniques, formats, and computational workflows
Antibody engineering is the deliberate modification of antibody sequences and structures to improve binding, reduce immunogenicity, tune effector function, or create new formats. Learn the core techniques and the computational workflows behind modern antibody design.
Proteins ·
SignalP 6.0: official server, tutorial, and result interpretation
SignalP 6.0 predicts N-terminal signal peptides, their class, biochemical regions, and cleavage sites using a protein language model and conditional random field.
Docking ·
How to use AutoDock Vina online
Learn how to run AutoDock Vina online, choose a binding box, set exhaustiveness and pose limits, interpret scores, and validate docking results.
Structures ·
How to use AlphaFold2 online
Run AlphaFold2 online without installing anything: paste a protein sequence, choose an MSA mode, and get ranked PDB structures with pLDDT, pTM, and PAE confidence scores.
Genetics ·
How to use Primer3 online
Learn how to use Primer3 online to design PCR primers, set target regions and product sizes, tune Tm and GC limits, inspect secondary-structure controls, and validate specificity before ordering.
Proteins ·
What is the average size of a protein?
A typical protein is about 300–400 amino acids, 30–50 kDa, and 3–6 nanometers across when folded. See current proteome data and common examples.
Genetics ·
How accurate is DNA sequencing?
DNA sequencing accuracy ranges from about 99% per raw base to above 99.9% for high-quality or consensus reads. The exact figure depends on the platform, chemistry, software, sample, and metric.
Genetics ·
How many genomes have been sequenced?
NCBI indexes 3.67 million current public genome assemblies. See bacterial, plant, human, species, and GenBank sequence counts for 2026.
Cells ·
How many mitochondria are in a cell?
Many human cells contain hundreds of mitochondria. Liver cells have about 1,000 to 2,000, mature red blood cells have none, and a mature egg cell can contain about 100,000.
Genetics ·
How many types of RNA are there?
There are three major RNA types: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. rRNA is the most abundant by mass, tRNA is the smallest of the three, and mRNA can be the longest.
Genetics ·
How many transcripts are in the human transcriptome?
The current human reference annotation contains 644,292 transcript models, including 278,455 protein-coding transcripts. Database records, expressed isoforms, translations, and RNA molecules are different counts.
Cells ·
What are the largest and smallest cells?
Compare the largest and smallest human cells and cells across life, with separate answers for diameter, volume, and length.
Genetics ·
Which organisms have the largest and smallest genomes?
Compare 27 genome size records across animals, plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria, from a 160.45-billion-base-pair fern genome to a 50,141-base-pair bacterial symbiont genome.
Genetics ·
What are the largest and smallest human genes?
RBFOX1 is the largest human protein-coding gene by GENCODE v50 genomic span. MLDHR is the shortest under an HGNC-approved protein-coding filter, at 96 base pairs.
Structures ·
AlphaFold database statistics [2026]
AlphaFold DB contains 262,739,159 predicted models as of August 9, 2026. See its release history, human-proteome coverage, confidence thresholds, and relationship to the PDB.
Drugs ·
How many druggable genes are there?
About 4,500 human genes are considered part of the druggable genome. A major analysis counted 4,479 drugged or druggable genes, equal to 22% of protein-coding genes.
Proteins ·
How long do proteins last in the body?
Protein half-lives range from minutes to a lifetime. See measured medians, tissue differences, and why cycloheximide chase and isotope-labeling studies give different results.
Proteins ·
How many enzymes are in the human body?
Humans have about 3,800 enzyme-coding genes. Gene counts, reviewed enzyme proteins, EC activities, isoenzymes, and physical molecules give different totals.
Proteins ·
How many protein interactions are in the human interactome?
The human binary interactome probably contains hundreds of thousands to a few million protein-protein interactions. This guide separates estimates, experimental maps, curated evidence, and predicted network edges.
Proteins ·
How many proteins are in the human body?
The human proteome has about 19,400 reference protein types, 172,117 annotated translations, and likely millions of proteoforms. Its measured subsets use different definitions and denominators.
Proteins ·
What is the most abundant protein in the human body?
Collagen is considered the most abundant protein in the human body by total mass, but actin, hemoglobin, and albumin lead under other definitions of abundance.