Boltz-2 is a biomolecular foundation model for structure and binding affinity prediction. Supports proteins, ligands, DNA, and RNA in multi-component complexes. Automatically scales GPU resources for large complexes. Predicts binding affinity with near-FEP accuracy at 1000x faster speed.
Chai-1 is a multi-modal foundation model for molecular structure prediction. Predicts 3D structures for proteins, ligands, DNA, RNA, and multi-component complexes with high accuracy.
Controllable all-atom structure prediction for proteins, ligands, DNA, RNA, and multi-component complexes using IntelliFold 2.0.4 on its AlphaFold 3 JAX engine.
OpenFold-3 is an open-source AI model for biomolecular structure prediction, aiming to reproduce AlphaFold3. Predicts 3D structures for proteins, RNA, DNA, and small molecule ligands with high accuracy.
Enhanced Protenix v2 biomolecular structure prediction by ByteDance. Predicts 3D structures for proteins, RNA, DNA, and small molecule ligands with high accuracy.
Open-source structure prediction neural network for proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules. State-of-the-art accuracy with multi-chain support.
ABodyBuilder3 predicts antibody variable-domain structures from paired heavy and light chain sequences. It returns a PDB structure and, for the pLDDT checkpoint, per-residue confidence values.
Generate protein conformational ensembles with ESMFlow, the single-sequence AlphaFlow model family. Produces multiple diverse structures showing protein flexibility and dynamics.
AlphaFold2 via ColabFold for protein structure prediction. Free runs use single-sequence mode; paid plans add MMseqs2 MSA generation. Supports monomer and multimer prediction.
ESMfold is a fast, single-sequence protein structure predictor from Meta AI. Predicts 3D protein structures directly from amino acid sequences without requiring multiple sequence alignments (MSA), making it significantly faster than AlphaFold while automatically scaling GPU resources for larger proteins.
Boltz-2 is a biomolecular foundation model for structure and binding affinity prediction. Supports proteins, ligands, DNA, and RNA in multi-component complexes. Automatically scales GPU resources for large complexes. Predicts binding affinity with near-FEP accuracy at 1000x faster speed.
Chai-1 is a multi-modal foundation model for molecular structure prediction. Predicts 3D structures for proteins, ligands, DNA, RNA, and multi-component complexes with high accuracy.
Controllable all-atom structure prediction for proteins, ligands, DNA, RNA, and multi-component complexes using IntelliFold 2.0.4 on its AlphaFold 3 JAX engine.
OpenFold-3 is an open-source AI model for biomolecular structure prediction, aiming to reproduce AlphaFold3. Predicts 3D structures for proteins, RNA, DNA, and small molecule ligands with high accuracy.
Enhanced Protenix v2 biomolecular structure prediction by ByteDance. Predicts 3D structures for proteins, RNA, DNA, and small molecule ligands with high accuracy.
Open-source structure prediction neural network for proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules. State-of-the-art accuracy with multi-chain support.
ABodyBuilder3 predicts antibody variable-domain structures from paired heavy and light chain sequences. It returns a PDB structure and, for the pLDDT checkpoint, per-residue confidence values.
Generate protein conformational ensembles with ESMFlow, the single-sequence AlphaFlow model family. Produces multiple diverse structures showing protein flexibility and dynamics.
AlphaFold2 via ColabFold for protein structure prediction. Free runs use single-sequence mode; paid plans add MMseqs2 MSA generation. Supports monomer and multimer prediction.
ESMfold is a fast, single-sequence protein structure predictor from Meta AI. Predicts 3D protein structures directly from amino acid sequences without requiring multiple sequence alignments (MSA), making it significantly faster than AlphaFold while automatically scaling GPU resources for larger proteins.
Configure inputs to begin
Set options on the left, then click “Submit job”.
Large Boltz jobs often fail for a simple reason: the model can handle the chemistry, but the GPU runs out of memory before inference finishes. LMI4Boltz solves that bottleneck by running Boltz with low-memory inference changes while keeping the same structure and affinity prediction model family.
The method is designed for biomolecular complexes that are too large or memory-heavy for standard Boltz-2 settings. It predicts structures for proteins, small molecules, DNA, RNA, and mixed complexes, and can use Boltz-2 affinity prediction for protein-ligand binding. LMI4Boltz is most useful when the scientific question calls for Boltz, but the system size pushes ordinary inference close to the VRAM limit.
Run LMI4Boltz online by combining one or more protein, ligand, DNA, or RNA inputs into a single complex prediction job. ProteinIQ accepts FASTA sequences, RCSB protein fetches, SMILES ligands, PubChem ligands, and CCD ligand codes, then returns predicted CIF or PDB structures plus confidence, pLDDT, PAE, PDE, and affinity files when generated.
LMI4Boltz builds one prediction target from the submitted molecules. Chain IDs are shown in the input interface and become important when interpreting interface confidence, ligand affinity, and multi-chain contacts.
| Input | Accepted formats | Practical notes |
|---|---|---|
Protein | FASTA text, .fasta, .fa, .fas, or RCSB fetch | Up to 10 protein chains. Total sequence length across all sequence-based molecules is capped at 5,000 residues in ProteinIQ. |
Ligand | SMILES text or PubChem fetch | Up to 10 small molecules. Ligands are limited to 128 heavy atoms for affinity prediction. Peptide ligands should be entered as protein chains. |
Ligand (CCD) | PDB Chemical Component Dictionary code, such as ATP, NAD, HEM, or SAH | Best for common cofactors, ions, and ligands already represented in the PDB chemical dictionary. |
DNA | FASTA text, .fasta, .fa, .fas | Up to 10 DNA chains. Use only canonical DNA sequence characters. |
RNA | FASTA text, .fasta, .fa, .fas | Up to 10 RNA chains. Useful for RNA-protein, RNA-ligand, and mixed nucleic acid complexes. |
At least one foldable biopolymer is required. Ligand-only jobs are not valid because Boltz predicts complexes, not isolated small-molecule conformer ensembles.
Most jobs should start with the standard settings: one diffusion sample, Boltz-2, no manual memory tuning, and MSA generation enabled only when evolutionary information is needed for protein chains. The low-memory controls are mainly for large complexes that fail or approach the memory limit.
| Setting | Description |
|---|---|
Diffusion samples | Number of structures to generate (1 to 20, default 1). More samples help identify alternative conformations, but runtime and output size increase roughly with sample count. |
Use MSA server | Generates protein MSAs through the configured ColabFold-compatible server. MSA information can improve protein structure accuracy, especially for natural proteins with homologs. |
MSA server URL | MSA endpoint used when Use MSA server is on. The standard endpoint is https://api.colabfold.com. |
MSA pairing strategy | Greedy pairs likely matching sequences across chains quickly. Complete is more exhaustive and can help obligate multimers at higher compute cost. |
Max MSA sequences | Maximum number of MSA rows retained for protein inference (default 8192). Decreasing this value can reduce memory use; increasing it can help difficult natural proteins. |
| Setting | Description |
|---|---|
Recycling steps | Iterative refinement passes through the model (default 3). Higher values can improve difficult predictions but increase runtime and memory pressure. |
Sampling steps | Diffusion denoising steps for structure generation (default 200). More steps can refine geometry, but the gain is usually smaller than adding samples or improving input quality. |
Step scale | Optional sampling temperature override. Leave empty unless comparing controlled reruns or matching a command-line configuration. |
Output format | mmCIF by default, with PDB available for compatibility. mmCIF is safer for larger complexes and nonstandard chemistry. |
Model | Boltz-2 for structure plus affinity prediction. Boltz-1 is structure-only and does not support Boltz-2 method conditioning. |
Method conditioning | Optional Boltz-2 conditioning for X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, solution NMR, or molecular dynamics. Leave as None unless the intended structure should resemble a specific experimental modality. |
Use potentials | Applies Boltz inference-time potentials when supported by the input configuration. Leave off for normal form-based jobs unless a controlled rerun is testing this behavior. |
MW-corrected affinity | Applies molecular-weight correction to affinity predictions. Most useful when comparing ligands with very different sizes. |
Affinity sampling steps | Diffusion steps for affinity prediction (default 200). Higher values increase cost and may stabilize difficult ligand predictions. |
Affinity samples | Number of affinity samples averaged (default 5). More samples reduce variance for ligand ranking. |
Write full PAE | Saves the full predicted aligned error matrix. Enable for detailed domain placement or interface uncertainty analysis. |
Write full PDE | Saves the full predicted distance error matrix. Enable when downstream inspection needs residue-pair distance uncertainty. |
Random seed | Fixed seed for reproducible sampling. Leave blank for normal stochastic inference. |
LMI4Boltz reduces peak memory by chunking expensive pair and MSA operations, moving some tensors to host memory, updating pair representations in place, and optionally using reduced precision. Smaller chunks usually reduce memory demand but can add overhead.
| Setting | Default | What it changes |
|---|---|---|
Transition z chunk size | Empty | Optional chunk size for pair transition operations. Lower values can help very large complexes. |
MSA transition chunk size | 32 | Chunk size for MSA transition work. Lowering it can reduce memory when deep MSAs are active. |
Triangle attention chunk size | 128 | Chunk size for triangle attention, one of the memory-heavy parts of pair reasoning. |
Triangle mult gate chunks | 1 | Number of chunks for the triangle multiplication gate. Increasing chunks can reduce peak memory. |
Outer product chunk size | 4 | Chunk size for outer product operations linking MSA information to pair features. |
Chunk threshold | 384 | Token count threshold at which chunked low-memory behavior becomes active. |
Use bfloat16 | Off | Uses bfloat16 precision where supported, primarily for Boltz-1 low-memory inference. Reduced precision can lower memory, with small numerical differences expected. |
LMI4Boltz returns a structure viewer, downloadable structure files, and data files from the prediction run. File availability depends on selected options and whether the selected model supports affinity prediction.
| Output | Meaning |
|---|---|
Predicted structure (CIF) | Predicted complex in mmCIF format. This is the recommended format for large multi-chain or ligand-containing systems. |
Predicted structure (PDB) | Predicted complex in PDB format when selected. PDB is convenient for older viewers but less expressive for complex chemistry. |
confidence_*.json | Summary confidence metrics, including confidence_score, ptm, iptm, complex_plddt, interface-weighted confidence, and chain-pair interface scores. |
affinity_*.json | Boltz-2 ligand binding outputs, including predicted affinity value and binder probability. Present when affinity prediction is requested for a compatible ligand complex. |
plddt_*.npz | Per-token local confidence. Higher values indicate more reliable local geometry. |
pae_*.npz | Predicted aligned error matrix. Useful for domain placement and relative chain orientation. |
pde_*.npz | Predicted distance error matrix. Lower values indicate more confident inter-token distances. |
The first check should be structural confidence, not affinity. A strong affinity score on a low-confidence protein-ligand pose is weak evidence because the binding estimate depends on a plausible complex geometry.
Boltz confidence fields are reported on a 0 to 1 scale, where higher values indicate more model confidence. The most useful distinction is between local confidence and interface confidence.
| Metric | Interpretation |
|---|---|
confidence_score | Aggregate ranking score used to sort generated structures. Good for choosing among samples from the same job. |
complex_plddt | Average local coordinate confidence across the full complex. High values mean local folds are likely stable, but not necessarily that chain placement is correct. |
ptm | Predicted TM-like global fold confidence. Useful for single-chain and overall topology assessment. |
iptm | Interface-focused confidence. More relevant than ptm for protein-protein, protein-ligand, and protein-nucleic acid complexes. |
ligand_iptm | Interface confidence for protein-ligand contacts. Low values suggest the ligand pose should not be overinterpreted. |
complex_iplddt | Local confidence weighted toward interface tokens. Useful when the interface matters more than distal flexible regions. |
As a rough guide, confidence values above 0.7 usually justify closer structural interpretation, 0.5 to 0.7 calls for visual inspection and reruns, and values below 0.5 often indicate an underconstrained system, insufficient MSA signal, problematic input chemistry, or genuine conformational ambiguity.
Boltz-2 affinity files contain two kinds of predictions. Affinity is requested for form-based jobs when the complex contains one small-molecule ligand and at least one protein target. Jobs with multiple ligands, ligand-only inputs, DNA/RNA-only targets, or Boltz-1 still return structures and confidence files, but skip affinity prediction.
| Field | Meaning |
|---|---|
affinity_probability_binary | Probability-like estimate that the ligand is a binder. Values closer to 1 indicate stronger predicted binder classification. |
affinity_pred_value | Quantitative affinity value reported as log(IC50), with IC50 in micromolar. Lower values indicate stronger predicted binding. |
affinity_pred_value1, affinity_pred_value2 | Individual ensemble-head affinity values. Large disagreement means the ligand ranking is less stable. |
affinity_probability_binary1, affinity_probability_binary2 | Individual ensemble-head binder probabilities. Agreement between heads is more convincing than one high value. |
The affinity value is not pIC50. In the Boltz convention, lower is stronger because the value is log(IC50) with IC50 measured in micromolar:
affinity_pred_value | Approximate IC50 interpretation |
|---|---|
-3 | About 1 nM, strong binder |
0 | About 1 micromolar, moderate binder |
2 | About 100 micromolar, weak binder or likely decoy |
For ligand ranking, compare compounds against the same target, same input preparation, same MSA choice, same sampling settings, and preferably the same random seed policy. Cross-target affinity values are much less meaningful.
LMI4Boltz changes how Boltz inference is executed, not the biological question the model is trying to answer. The underlying Boltz model remains a diffusion-based biomolecular structure predictor, with Boltz-2 adding an affinity module trained to estimate protein-ligand binding.
The low-memory changes target the expensive pair-representation operations that scale poorly as complexes grow. Pair tensors represent relationships between tokens, so memory rises quickly with longer proteins, deeper MSAs, and multi-chain assemblies. The LMI4Boltz preprint reports a 66.7% higher Boltz-2 token limit on 24 GB VRAM, and the project README reports a 100% increase for Boltz-1. LMI4Boltz reduces peak VRAM by:
The LMI4Boltz README reports near-exact reproduction of ordinary Boltz outputs and negligible runtime change in the tested settings. Small numerical differences can still occur because reduced precision and altered execution order change floating-point arithmetic.
LMI4Boltz is not a different scoring model from Boltz. It is the practical choice when Boltz-style prediction is desired and memory is the limiting factor.
| Situation | Better fit | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Large protein, nucleic acid, or mixed complexes strain GPU memory | LMI4Boltz | Low-memory inference can handle larger token counts than ordinary Boltz execution. |
| Routine structure plus affinity prediction where memory is not a concern | Boltz-2 | Simpler settings and the same model family for most standard-size jobs. |
| Comparing multimodal structure predictors | Chai-1, Protenix, and LMI4Boltz | Agreement across independent model families is useful for difficult complexes. |
| Protein-ligand pose prediction from an existing receptor structure | DiffDock or GNINA | Docking tools focus on ligand placement against a provided structure rather than predicting the whole biomolecular complex. |
| High-confidence lead optimization for a few close analogs | FEP or experimental binding assays | Boltz-2 affinity is fast and useful for triage, but rigorous free-energy workflows remain better for final potency claims. |
For a practical pipeline, LMI4Boltz can generate candidate complex structures for large systems, DockQ can score protein-protein interface models when a reference is available, and GROMACS or gmx_MMPBSA can support downstream simulation-based checks.
