PDB2PQR

What is PDB2PQR?

PDB2PQR prepares protein structures for electrostatics calculations by converting PDB files to PQR format. The PQR format extends PDB by replacing the occupancy and B-factor columns with atomic partial charge and radius values—the two parameters required for solving the Poisson-Boltzmann equation.

Continuum electrostatics methods like Poisson-Boltzmann calculations reveal how charge distribution influences protein stability, binding affinity, and molecular recognition. However, PDB files from X-ray crystallography lack hydrogen atoms and contain no charge or radius information. PDB2PQR automates the preparation pipeline: reconstructing missing atoms, predicting protonation states at your target pH, and assigning force field parameters.

The output is a PQR file ready for electrostatics solvers like APBS (Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver). For general structure repair before molecular dynamics, consider PDB Fixer instead—it offers more extensive modeling capabilities including loop reconstruction and solvent box construction.

How does PDB2PQR work?

PDB2PQR operates as a multi-step pipeline that analyzes, corrects, and parameterizes protein structures.

Debumping

Steric clashes between residues are resolved by systematically rotating dihedral angles. The algorithm uses distance cutoffs of 1.0 Å for hydrogen-hydrogen collisions, 1.5 Å for hydrogen-heavy atom interactions, and 2.0 Å for heavy atom pairs. When conflicts are detected, dihedral angles are adjusted in 5-degree increments until a non-clashing configuration is found.

Hydrogen optimization

Missing hydrogen atoms are added and then optimized to improve the hydrogen bonding network. The optimization includes:

• Side chain flipping for HIS, ASN, and GLN residues to optimize polar contacts
• Rotational adjustment of hydroxyl hydrogens on SER, THR, TYR, and CYS
• Optimal placement of protons on neutral HIS, protonated GLU, and protonated ASP
• Water hydrogen reorientation throughout the structure

Protonation state assignment with PROPKA

PROPKA predicts pKa values for all titratable residues based on the local protein environment—nearby charges, hydrogen bonds, and solvent accessibility shift pKa values from their reference values. At your specified pH, residues are assigned appropriate protonation states.

For example, a buried glutamate forming a salt bridge might have its pKa shifted upward, remaining protonated (neutral) at physiological pH where surface glutamates would be deprotonated (charged).

Charge and radius assignment

After determining the structure and protonation states, PDB2PQR assigns atomic partial charges ($q$) and radii ($r$) from the selected force field. These parameters define the inputs to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation:

$$\nabla \cdot [\varepsilon(\mathbf{r}) \nabla \phi(\mathbf{r})] - \bar{\kappa}^2(\mathbf{r}) \sinh[\phi(\mathbf{r})] = -\frac{4\pi \rho(\mathbf{r})}{k_B T}$$

Where $\varepsilon(\mathbf{r})$ is the dielectric function (determined by atomic radii), $\phi(\mathbf{r})$ is the electrostatic potential, and $\rho(\mathbf{r})$ is the charge density (from atomic charges).

Inputs & settings

Input requirements

Upload a PDB file (.pdb or .ent) or fetch directly from RCSB using a PDB ID. PDB2PQR cannot model large missing backbone regions—ensure your structure is reasonably complete before processing.

Force field selection

The force field determines which charge and radius parameters are assigned to each atom. This choice significantly affects your electrostatics results.

• AMBER: General-purpose force field widely used in molecular dynamics. Choose this when comparing PB results with explicit solvent AMBER simulations.
• CHARMM: Another MD-focused force field. Preferred when your downstream analysis uses CHARMM-based tools.
• PARSE: Specifically optimized for Poisson-Boltzmann calculations. We recommend PARSE for most electrostatics applications including surface visualization, binding energy calculations, and pKa prediction.
• PEOEPB: Partial Equalization of Orbital Electronegativities optimized for PB calculations. An alternative to PARSE for non-standard chemistries.
• SWANSON: AMBER ff99 charges with radii optimized for PB calculations. Combines AMBER compatibility with PB-optimized radii.
• TYL06: Another PB-optimized parameter set based on careful fitting to experimental solvation energies.

PARSE is the recommended choice for standalone electrostatics calculations. Use AMBER or CHARMM when you need consistency with MD simulation parameters.

Protonation settings

• Use PROPKA for protonation: Enables pKa prediction to determine protonation states. When disabled, standard protonation states are used regardless of pH.
• pH value: The pH for protonation state assignment. Common values: 7.0 for physiological conditions, 4.5 for endosomal/lysosomal compartments, 2.0 for gastric conditions.

Structure options

• Remove water molecules: Strips crystallographic water from the output. Enable for electrostatics surface visualization; disable to preserve waters that may influence local electrostatics.
• Keep chain IDs: Preserves original chain identifiers. Useful when you need to track specific chains through analysis pipelines.
• Include hydrogens: Adds hydrogen atoms to the output structure. We recommend keeping this enabled—hydrogens are required for accurate electrostatics.

Advanced settings

• Clean only: Reformats and cleans the PDB without adding atoms or assigning parameters. Use this when you only need structure cleanup without force field assignment.

Understanding the results

PDB2PQR outputs a PQR file containing atomic coordinates, charges, and radii. The results summary shows structure statistics:

Interpreting total charge

The total charge should match your expectations based on the amino acid composition and pH:

• At neutral pH, expect charge ≈ (Arg + Lys) − (Asp + Glu) plus contributions from the termini
• Net charge affects electrostatic potential maps and can indicate protonation state issues if unexpected
• Highly positive or negative values may indicate pH is far from pI

Using the PQR output

The PQR file can be used directly with APBS for calculating:

• Electrostatic potential surfaces for visualization and analysis
• Binding free energies using PB continuum methods
• pKa shifts when comparing different conformational states
• Solvation energies for thermodynamic analysis

Best practices

Use PARSE for pure electrostatics work. This force field was designed specifically for Poisson-Boltzmann calculations and provides the most accurate results for solvation energies and potential surfaces.

Match your pH to experimental conditions. If studying enzyme activity at pH 5, use pH 5.0 for protonation—the charge distribution at different pH values can dramatically alter electrostatic properties.

Inspect unusual total charges. If the net charge seems unexpected, examine the PROPKA output for residues with shifted pKa values. A buried aspartate might remain protonated when you expected it to be charged.

Keep crystallographic waters for binding studies. Waters at interfaces often mediate important electrostatic interactions. Remove them only when computing surface potentials for visualization.

Common workflows

Electrostatic surface visualization

Prepare the structure with PARSE force field and PROPKA at your pH of interest. The PQR file can then be processed by APBS to generate dx grid files for 3D electrostatic potential visualization in tools like PyMOL or VMD.

Comparing wild-type and mutant electrostatics

Process both structures with identical settings (same force field, pH, options). The difference in electrostatic potential reveals how mutations alter the charge distribution and local environment—useful for understanding effects on binding or stability.

Structure preparation pipeline

For structures that need both repair and electrostatics preparation, run PDB Fixer first to add missing residues and atoms, then process the fixed structure through PDB2PQR for charge assignment.

Limitations

PDB2PQR works with protein structures but has limited support for non-standard molecules. Ligands, cofactors, and modified residues may not be parameterized in the standard force fields.

Some protonation states predicted by PROPKA may not be supported by all force fields. PARSE supports the widest range of protonation states including neutral termini, while AMBER and CHARMM have more limited options.

The debumping algorithm finds the first acceptable configuration rather than the optimal one. For structures with severe clashes, additional energy minimization may be needed.

Related tools

• PDB Fixer — Comprehensive structure repair including loop modeling and solvation
• PDB Viewer — Visualize structures and inspect results
• PDB to FASTA — Extract sequences from structures
• isoelectric point — Estimate pI to contextualize net charge results
• Protein Parameters — Comprehensive sequence-based property calculations

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Based on: Dolinsky, T.J., et al. (2004). PDB2PQR: an automated pipeline for the setup of Poisson-Boltzmann electrostatics calculations. Nucleic Acids Research, 32(Web Server issue), W665-W667. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh381

See also: Dolinsky, T.J., et al. (2007). PDB2PQR: expanding and upgrading automated preparation of biomolecular structures for molecular simulations. Nucleic Acids Research, 35(Web Server issue), W522-W525. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm276